Fig. 7

Nanoscale electronics for intracellular recording. Various nanoscale devices have been developed to record transmembrane potential, including nanoelectrodes made of nanopillars or nanowires that rely on the direct contact to the cytoplasm to record membrane potential, nanoscale field-effect transistors that connect the cytoplasm with the detector zone of the electrodes, and extracellular recording electrodes that reported intracellular-like signals