Table 1 Toxicokinetics of NMs
Material | Size | Animal model | Administration | Biodistribution | Elimination | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TiO2-NPs | 21 nm | F344/DuCrlCrlj rats | 10 mg/kg b.w., intravenous injection | Accumulated mostly in the liver (94% of the administration dose) and spleen (2.0%) at 6 h and did not decrease for up to 30 d | Extracted mostly into feces (15 ± 2.9 ng/h), followed by urine (0.27 ± 0.13 ng/h) | [200] |
TiO2-NPs | 70 nm | Wistar rats | 40–400 μg/kg b.w., intravenous injection | Highest accumulations in the liver (95.5% of the injected dose) at 1 d, followed by the spleen | Extracted into the GIT then into feces (NM accumulations increase with time) and urine (decrease with time) | [19] |
TiO2-NPs | 8 nm | Wistar rats | 40–240 μg/kg b.w., intratracheal instillation | Accumulated mostly in the lung; 1% passed through the ABB (4% of the IPLD) at 1 h | Cleared via the larynx into the GIT and translocated across the ABB into blood | [20] |
Au-NPs | 1.4–200 nm | Wistar rats | 3.1–29 μg/rat, intravenous injection | Accumulated mostly in the liver (from 50 to 99%), followed by the spleen; exhibited a size- and surface charge-dependent distribution | Extracted into feces and urine | [28] |
TiO2-NPs | 40 nm | Wistar rats | 30–80 μg/kg b.w., oral application | Accumulated mainly in the skeleton (0.98 ng/g), uterus (0.55 ng/g) and spleen (0.45 ng/g), and a few in the liver (0.09 ng/g) at 7 d | Mostly (0.6% of the applied dose) excreted in feces at 1 h, and 0.05% passed across the GIT barrier | [30] |
Au-NPs | 1.4–200 nm | Wistar rats | 0.8–34.5 μg/rat, intratracheal instillation | Accumulated mostly in the lung (more than 94% at 24 h), and very few reached other organs | Cleared via the larynx and transported into the GIT and feces | [21] |
TiO2-NPs | 20 nm | Wistar rats | 1.4 ± 0.5 μg/group, intratracheal instillation | Accumulated mostly in the lung, and 1% of the IPLD reached the liver and kidney | Cleared via the larynx into the GIT and translocation across the ABB, finally excreted in feces and urine | [26] |
Ag-NPs | 40 nm | Wistar rats | 13.5 ± 3.6 μg, intratracheal instillation | Fractions of 0.14/ILD retained in the lung, 0.86 translocated across the ABB, 0.02 each retained in the liver and kidney, 0.48 and 0.22 found in the GIT and feces, respectively | Cleared via the larynx into the GIT or via the blood, liver, and gall bladder into the GIT, then excreted via feces | [168] |