Table 1 Characterization of mono-, bi-, and trifunctional nanodrugs by UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) and dynamic light scattering (DLS)

Monofunctional

 Au/IL12

528

57

0.071

17.9 ± 2.3

 Au/TNF

528 ± 2

58.1 ± 0.1

0.09 ± 0.01

22.1

Bifunctional

 iso1Au/IL12

529.3 ± 0.9

54.5 ± 0.7

0.087 ± 0.02

21.9 ± 3.2

 iso1Au/TNF

528.6 ± 0.3

59.0 ± 0.7

0.095 ± 0.01

21.6 ± 3.9

 Au/TNF + IL12^a (4:1)

531

52

0.111

–

Trifunctional

 iso1Au/TNF + IL12^a (1:4.5)

529.0 ± 1.0

53.9 ± 0.4

0.113 ± 0.02

22.11 ± 2.6

 iso1Au/TNF + IL12^a (4:1)

531.9 ± 0.9

55.8 ± 0.3

0.120 ± 0.01

–

Uncoated Au Nps

524.5 ± 0.6

52.0 ± 4.0

0.065 ± 0.02

11.56 ± 1.4