Fig. 4

Evaluation of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, COX-2, IL-1β, and IL-6) using EVs derived from the three different co-culture media. a The viability of HMEECs at 6, 24, and 48 h after treatment with EVs (AD-M, BM-M, and T-M) derived from single culture media, b The viability of HMEECs at 6, 24, and 48 h after treatment with EVs (H:AD-M, H:BM-M, and H:T-M) derived from co-culture media, c TNF-α expression level in HMEECs after treatment with six EVs with 1 µg/mL LPS until 48 h (p-value: *** < 0.0001), d COX-2 expression level in HMEECs after treatment with six EVs with 1 µg/mL LPS until 48 h (p-value: *** < 0.0001, ** < 0.005), e IL-1β expression level in HMEECs after treatment with six EVs with 1 µg/mL LPS until 48 h (p-value: ** < 0.005), f IL-6 expression level in HMEECs after treatment with six EVs with 1 µg/mL LPS until 48 h (p-value: *** < 0.001, ** < 0.005, * < 0.05)