Fig. 7From: Melatonin alleviates titanium nanoparticles induced osteolysis via activation of butyrate/GPR109A signaling pathwayMetabolic pathways of three major SCFAs from carbohydrate fermentation. The gut microbiota synthetizes three major SCFAs, acetate, propionate, and butyrate through dietary fiber. Acetate is synthesized via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and pyruvate. Propionate can be produced from the propanediol, succinate, and acrylate pathway. Butyrate is formed through the molecule of acetyl-CoABack to article page