3D HepG2 liver spheroid liver functionality | Albumin per spheroid (ng/µL) following Acute (24 h) exposure (95% CI) | Albumin per spheroid (ng/µL) following Prolonged (120 h) exposure (95% CI) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ENM concentration (µg/mL) | TiO2 | ZnO | Ag | BaSO4 | CeO2 | TiO2 | ZnO | Ag | BaSO4 | CeO2 |
Untreated negative control | 29.660 (4.85–24.47) | 23.171 (15.14–30.20) | 27.785 (10.61–44.96) | 30.703 (15.06–46.35) | 52.878 (42.54–63.22) | 35.783 (31.02–40.54) | 27.510 (21.82–33.20) | 36.944 (25.88–38.01) | 32.550 (16.19–48.91) | 49.851 (41.15–58.56) |
0.2 | 28.235 (23.88–32.59) | 24.715 (19.06–30.37) | 24.903 (19.12–30.69) | 27.002 (21.50–32.51) | 52.235 (45.47–59.00) | 35.245 (26.64–43.85) | 28.506 (21.66–35.35) | 33.821 (23.58–44.06) | 31.043 (25.36–36.72) | 50.506 (45.50–55.52) |
0.5 | 28.622 (22.52–34.72) | 24.232 (17.51–30.95) | 33.376 (5.90–60.86) | 26.915 (20.44–33.39) | 55.154 (47.86–62.45) | 37.734 (34.45–41.02) | 26.990 (21.17–32.81) | 45.420 (37.39–53.45) | 32.922 (29.74–36.11) | 49.160 (35.30–63.02) |
1.0 | 29.108 (26.00–32.22) | 23.943 (16.90–30.99) | 24.207 (16.36–32.06) | 25.417 (16.71–34.12) | 56.472 (41.31–71.63) | 34.880 (24.30–45.46) | 27.748 (21.07–34.42) | 30.996 (25.10–36.90) | 35.691 (31.84–39.54) | 52.407 (51.08–53.74) |
2.0 | 32.104 (24.97–39.24) | 24.343 (14.05–34.64) | 33.428 (19.10–47.76) | 29.790 (17.75–41.83) | 52.620 (47.75–57.49) | 33.071 (26.30–39.85) | 27.132 (23.13–31.13) | 40.737 (35.84–45.63) | 38.078 (22.41–53.57) | 50.857 (43.77–57.94) |
5.0 | 30.114 (16.48–43.75) | 24.611 (21.88–27.34) | 9.520* (− 7.69 to 26.74) | 18.216* (6.51–29.92) | 55.937 (42.99–68.88) | 33.236 (28.45–38.02) | 28.740 (23.08–34.40) | 35.984 (25.21–46.76) | 30.937 (29.41–32.46) | 56.619 (45.51–67.73) |
10.0 | 28.137 (21.96–34.32) | 22.989 (14.95–31.03) | 12.666* (−5.14 to 30.47) | 14.032* (4.27–23.79) | 51.445 (43.73–59.16) | 30.494 (24.01–36.97) | 31.111 (15.22–47.01) | 35.342 (32.29–38.39) | 33.686 (30.99–36.39) | 50.287 (46.88–53.70) |
Aflatoxin B1 positive control | 24.488 (4.24–44.74) | 22.925 (20.29–25.56) | 32.943 (5.80–60.08) | 35.329 (10.87–59.79) | 52.907 (47.02–58.80) | 36.650 (31.60–41.70) | 30.789 (13.38–49.20) | 38.405 (33.32–43.49) | 31.139 (30.14–32.14) | 48.498 (44.01–52.99) |