Fig. 8

The effects of dBMDM-exos on bone repair and regeneration in vivo and vitro can be reversed through the suppression of miR-144-5p. a, b The protein levels of Smad1 and some osteogenic genes in groups following BMSCs treated with dBMDM-exos + inhibitor-NC or dBMDM-exos + miR-144-5p-inhibitor in vitro. c The levels of the osteogenic genes and miR-144-5p in treated BMSCs were measured via qRT-PCR. d. Alizarin red staining and ALP staining results in BMSCs with different treatments. e–f The statistical data of Alizarin red staining and ALP staining. g–i Levels of RUNX2, ALP, collagen I, OCN, Smad1 and miR-144-5p was determined using qRT- PCR or western blotting after dBMDM-exos + antagomir-NC or dBMDM-exos + miR-144-5p-antagomir was locally injected around the fracture site. j–k The bone formation in femur fracture was observed via X-ray images on 14, 21 days after surgery and micro-CT approach on 21 days after surgery. l The BV/TV data on 21 days after surgery were quantitatively analyzed based on micro-CT results. m H&E, safranin O-fast green staining and Masson of the femurs on 21 days after surgery. Data are presented as the mean±SD, all cell experiments were repeated three times, and n = 5 rats/group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.001