Table 3 Summary of artificial exosomes generated by biohybrid approaches
Synthetic nanomaterials | Natural vesicles | Biohybrid approach | Particle Characterization | Comparison to natural exosomes | Advances | Application | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liposomes (DOPC, DOTAP, DSPE-PEG2000) | Raw264.7 cell-derived exosomes | Freeze-thawing | Size by NTA: 190 – 230 (average) | Increased size and similar protein markers | Membrane surface engineering | Exosome modification | [95] |
Liposomes (DPPC, DSPE-PEG2000, MSPC | Genetically engineered fibroblast-derived exosomes | Freeze-thawing | Size by NTA: 135.7 nm (average) Zeta potential: − 8.2 mV | Similar morphology and protein markers | Lipid engineering of exosomes | Thermo-sensitive chemoimmunotherapy | [96] |
Liposomes (lipofectamine 2000) | HEK293FT cell-derived exosomes | Direct incubation | Size distribution by DLS: 50 –1000 nm | Increased size, but similar protein markers | Efficient encapsulation of large plasmids | CRISPR/Cas9 system transfer to MSCs | [97] |
Liposomes (POPC, DOPE) | HUVEC-derived EVs | Incubation with PEG-mediated fusion | Size distribution by NTA: 50 –400 nm | Increased size but similar morphology and protein markers | Efficient EV cargo loading and delivery | Drug loading and delivery | [98] |
Liposomes (L-a-phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol) | Mouse macrophage J774A.1 cell-derived sEVs | Extruding (400 and 200 nm) | Size by DLS: 177 ± 21 nm Zeta potential: − 26 ± 3 mV | Increased size but similar protein markers | Colloidal stability Drug loading and pH-sensitive sustained drug release | Tumor targeted drug delivery | [99] |
Lipids (DOTAP, POPC, DPPC or POPG) | EVs derived from fibroblast 3T3 cells or A549 lung cancer cells | Extruding (400, 200 and 100Â nm) | Size by DLS: around 100Â nm | Similar size and with native EV fractions | Mass production (6- to 43-fold vesicles) | Efficient siRNA delivery | [100] |
Liposomes (cholesterol, DOPC, DSPE-PEG2000) | Murine fibroblast L-929 cell-derived exosome | Extruding (400 and 200 nm) | Size by DLS: about 125 nm Zeta potential: − 7.1 mV | Similar size and protein markers | Efficient cargo loading targeting | Pulmonary anti-fibrotic drug delivery | [101] |