Fig. 4

Evaluation of the osteoimmunomodulatory function in vitro. a Schematic illustration of biomaterial-mediated macrophage polarization. b Fluorescent staining images of the macrophage phenotypes and quantitative analysis of the CD206/iNOS-positive population. c Flow cytometric analysis of the macrophage phenotypes. d The gene expression level of macrophages, including iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β, Arg-1 and IL-10. e Schematic illustration of macrophage-mediated osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. f The immune factors secreted by macrophages in different groups were detected by ELISA. g qRT-PCR analysis for the gene expression levels of ALP, Runx2, OCN and OPN of PDLSCs cultured in the conditioned medium for 7 days. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001