Fig. 5

Fluorescence analysis of the tissue sections at week 1 and 2 post-operation. a Schematic illustration of the operation. b Double immunofluorescence staining of mandible sections. CD31 (red): blood vessel; α-SMA (green): smooth muscle actin. c Quantified neo-vascular density and neo-vascular diameters of different groups. d, e Double-labeled immunofluorescence staining images of macrophage phenotype in the defect areas. CD68 (red): a universal macrophage marker; iNOS (green): an M1-phenotype macrophage marker; CD206 (green): an M2-phenotype macrophage marker. f Statistical summary of the population of iNOS⁺CD68⁺ and CD206⁺CD68⁺. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001