Fig. 5
Therapeutic effects of GQD under TME. a Cell viability of 4T1/MDA-MB-231/MCF-7 cells treated with PBS, 100 µM H2O2 (TME), or GQDs (1–200 µg/ml) + 100 µM H2O2 under TME, for 24 h. b Cell viability of 4T1 cells treated with PBS, GQDs, GQDs-300 or GQDs-500 for 24 h. c Neutral comet assay of GQDs (200 µg/ml) under TME, scale bar: 200 µm. d Quantitative analysis of alkaline comet assay based on 30 cell samples. e The ratio of red (JC-1 polymer) over green (JC-1 monomer) fluorescence intensity of different treatment groups including PBS, TME, 100 µg/ml GQDs, and GQDs (1–100 µg/ml) + 100 µM H2O2, representing the changes in mitochondria membrane potential. f Apoptosis analysis via flow cytometry. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was analyzed by unpaired Student’s two-tailed t-test compared to the PBS group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001