Table 2 Anti-cancer activities of ginsenosides in several cancers

Gastrointestinal cancer

C26

Rb1

Amelioration of the inflammatory

Ameliorating expression of TNF-α and IL-6

[46]

SW480, HT29, HCT116, Caco-2

Rg3

Inhibition of proliferation and growth, migration and invasion, induction of apoptosis

Inhibition of Wnt/ß-catenin/C/EBPβ/NF-κB signalling, decreasing the expressions of lncRNA CCAT1

[18, 47, 48]

HCT116, HT-29

CK

Induction of autophagy and apoptosis

Activation of JNK and generation of ROX, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, modulation of mitochondria-dependent and MAPK pathway

[49,50,51]

HCT116, SW620,HCT-8, LoVo

Rh2

Induction of viability, proliferation and migration

Decreasing expressions of IL-6-induced signal transducer, STAT3, MMPs, MRP1, MDR1, LRP and GST

[52, 53]

AGS

Re

Inhibition of proliferation, induction of apoptosis

Inducing S phase arrest via upregulating of p21, activation of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3

[54]

SW620

Rh1

Inhibition of proliferation, migration and invasion

Activation of MAPK signaling, decreasing expressions of MMP1and MMP3, and increasing expressions of TIMP3

[55]

BGC-823, AGS

Rg5

Inhibition of proliferation and migration

Inducing G₂/M phase arrest, autophagy and apoptosis via regulating MAPK signalling

[56]

Breast cancer

MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453, BT-549

Rg3

Induction apoptosis

Inhibiting NF-κB signaling, regulating Bax/Bcl-2 expression

[29, 57]

MCF-7

Rh2

Inhibition of proliferation

Inducing G₁-S phase arrest by knockdown of p15^Ink4B and p27^Kip1

[58, 59]

MCF-7

Rg5

Induction of apoptosis and autophagy

Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway

[60, 61]

Lung cancer

NCI-H1650, H520, H1963

Rg3

Induction apoptosis

Inhibition of Notch/HES1 pathway

[57]

A549

Rh2

Induction of proliferation and invasion

Inhibition of Wnt and hedgehog signaling

[62]

HeLa, A549

Rg5

Induction of migration

Inhibited NF-κB signaling, attenuating expression of EphA2

[63]

Melanoma

B16-F10 melanoma

Rh2

Enhancing immune regulation

Enhanced CD4⁺ and CD8a⁺ T-lymphocytes infiltration

[64]