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Table 3 The characteristics of fibrous scaffolds applied in cell delivery and TE intended for treating DM

From: Nanofiber-based systems intended for diabetes

Type of polymer/material

Incorporated/modified agents

Diameter of fibers (nm)

Applied cell type to differentiation

Main achievement/application

Refs.

Glucagon-like peptide 1

a

10

Rat insulinoma cells

A proper cell-encapsulating network for enhanced activity and proliferation of IPCs

[110]

Heparin mimetic peptide amphiphilic

VEGF and FGF2

20–30

Pancreatic islet

Nanofiber gel platform for islet culture and transplantation

[95]

PCL

200

hiPSCs

An ideal scaffold for differentiation of hiPSCs in 3D culture

[70]

SF and pig pancreatic decellularized ECM

97–707

Mouse islet

A promising candidate for pancreatic TE

[111]

CA, PES, and PTFE

365 ± 136 (CA), 224 ± 140 (PES), 261 ± 140 (PTFE)

Potential for islet cell encapsulation application

[112]

PVA /Silicone

VEGF

4–10

Mouse islet

The ECM to improve the vitality of subcutaneous islet transplantation

[113]

SF/PLA

Conjunctiva

MSCs

A potential supportive matrix for islet TE

[102]

Polyamide

Laminin

Pancreatic β cell

Providing an ECM-like system for islet culture

[114]

PCL/poly-D-lysine

MIN6 cell membrane

50–280

Pancreatic β cell

As scaffolds to culture beta cells

[115]

PES

hiPSCs

A 3D matrix to enhance pancreatic differentiation of hiPSCs

[116]

PES

Collagen coating

hiPSCs

As a potential scaffold for pancreatic TE and regenerative medicine applications

[117]

PLLA/PVA

Oxygen modification

hiPSCs

As an ideal scaffold to provide a microenvironment for pancreatic differentiation

[118]

PLLA/PVA

hADSCs

A suitable option in pancreatic TE

[119]

PLA/CS

70,000

Human Wharton’s jelly MSCs

A precursor for cell transplantation for diabetes treatment

[120]

PLA/CS

70–100

EnCSs

An ideal scaffold for IPCs development for diabetes mellitus cell therapy

[121]

Silk

hiPSCs

A great potential to use in clinical pancreatic TE application

[122]

Silk/PES

hADSCs

As a supportive matrix to mimic 3D in vivo microenvironment

[123]

PHBV

900 ± 600

hiPSCs

As a promising cell-copolymer construct for pancreatic TE

[124]

PVA

Oxygen plasma

hADSCs

A new approach for pancreatic TE and β cell replacement therapies

[125]

PCL/PVA

hiPSCs

A new approach to beta-like cells replacement therapies and pancreatic TE

[126]

Polyacrylonitrile

250

Human endometrial cells

Transplantation of pancreatic precursor from endometrium for the treatment of diabetes

[127]

PCL/gelatin

Rat CD93+ hematopoietic stem cells

As a more appropriate tissue‐engineered construct in DW repair

[128]

PCL/pluronic-F-127

Bone marrow MSCs

Personalized 3D scaffolds with controlled structure for DW healing

[129]

Natural and artificial acellular dermal matrix

Graphene oxide- PEG-mediated quercetin

MSCs

A suitable architecture and environment for cell attachment and proliferation

[130]

  1. aNot available data in the article
  2. PCL polycaprolactone, hiPSCs human-induced pluripotent stem cells, CS Chitosan, SF silk fibroin, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, FGF2 fibroblast growth factor 2, TE tissue engineering, ECM extracellular matrix, CA cellulose acetate, PES polyethersulfone, PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene, PVA polyvinyl alcohol, PLA polylactic acid, PLLA poly (l-lactic acid), MSC mesenchymal stem cell, hADSC human adipose-derived stem cells, hESCs human embryonic stem cells, EnSCs endometrial stem cells, IPCs insulin-producing cells, PHBV poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), PEG polyethylene glycol