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Table 4 Findings of electrospun NF mats loaded with or without therapeutic agents for wound healing applications

From: Nanofiber-based systems intended for diabetes

Type of polymer/material

Incorporated/modified agents

Diameter of nanofiber (nm)

Applied cell type/animal

Main finding

Refs.

PVA/PLA

Met and FSP

621–681

HaCaT cell lines

Suitable properties for proliferation, and attachment of cells

[139]

Curdlan/PVA

1% AgNO3

92 ± 33

RAW 264.7 macrophage

Cells/wister rats

Better cell viability, proliferation, and wound healing ability

[140]

SF/PVA

Non-mulberry SF, mulberry Bombyx mori SF

100–300

Endothelial cells/Alloxan induced diabetic rabbit

The functional benefit of regulating ECM secretion from fibroblast

[141]

PCL

Cur

200–1000

Epidermis-diabetic mice

Reducing inflammatory induction, as evidenced by low levels of interleukin‐6 release from mouse monocyte–macrophages seeded

[142]

PCL/GT

Cur

a

Fibroblast, and epidermal cell/diabetic rats

Lessening blood glucose level

[143]

PCL/Gel

AV and HPO

TNF-α in serum samples/Wistar Albino male rats

Reducing oxidative stress index

[144]

PCL-based

Sodium percarbonate

473 ± 90

Thick epithelium-rats

Generation of chemical-based oxygen exposed angiogenesis stimulation

[146]

PCL/CS/Gel and PCL/PVP

Met and Pio

138.0 ± 42.5

Complete epidermis and dermis/type-1 diabetic rats

better regeneration and lower TNF-α and NF-κB levels than single drug therapies, good cytocompatibility with L929 cells, and an ideal area for the proliferation

[147]

PCL-based

Gel-Pio

144.9 ± 56.92

Epidermal cell-Type 1, and 2 diabetic mice

Promoting angiogenesis and cell proliferation and regulating the expression of MIP-2, VEGF, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-9, and TGF-β

[148]

PLCL

ZnO NPs, and oregano essential oil

1040 ± 220

Epidermis, thick VEGF/stained tissue-rats

anti-inflammatory effect by down-regulating inflammatory-related gene expression

[149]

PCL/Gel

Nagelschmidtite (Ca7P2Si2O16) particles

800–2000

Epidermal cells-diabetic mice

Improving epidermal regeneration, angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and lessening inflammatory response

[150]

co-axial PCL /collagen

DMOG

391.42 ± 31.27

Epidermal and epidermis-T1DM rats

Enhancing the re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, and wound closure

[151]

PCL/GT/PVA

MSCs

130 ± 19

Epidermis/rats

Repair and regeneration including re-epithelization and collagen formation

[152]

PCL/PVA/CS

125 ± 12

Epidermis and dermis-rats

Higher rate of healing process

[153]

Absorbable nanofibrous hydrogel

FHHA‐S/Fe

60 ± 11

Epidermis/mice

Antioxidant properties and the capability of transforming the macrophage phenotype

[133]

Hydrogel-based

Gel encapsulated-polydeoxyribonucleotide

Human embryonic fibroblast cells, vascular endothelial cells/diabetic skin ulcer mouse model

levels of cytokines and angiogenic factors increased in the treatment groups

[154]

Hydrogel formulation

5% Turmeric, 1% Oregano, and 1% CS

211

Epidermis-rats

High anti-inflammatory, and antioxidants activities, as well as accelerated the healing process in pressure ulcers

[155]

TEMPO-oxidized SCNF and microfludized SCNF

Hydrogel-based mats including SCN5, T033SC, and T050SC

753.36 ± 103, 825.54 ± 109, and 496.54 ± 39

Endothelial cell marker, cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31)

Acceleration of the wound healing with forming nearly the same as normal tissue and providing the healed wound with a functional tissue

[156]

HPMC and PEO

βG

81 ± 39

db/db mice

βG-nanofiber significantly improved the healing as compared to the non βG-nanofibers

[157]

CS/PCL/PVA

MSc + Met

113 ± 43

Epidermis and dermis, and fibroblasts differentiate into myofibroblasts

Unique physico-chemical and biological properties of mats, introducing a slow-releasing and dual-functioning scaffold which reduces scar formation and accelerates the wound healing

[158]

CS/PVA

280

Epidermis and dermis-rats

Acceleration in diabetes wound healing

[159]

CS/PVA

ZnO

279.34 ± 7.23

Epidermis and scar tissue-rabbits

Useful dressing materials for DWs

[160]

Gel-based

Cur and Lithospermi radix extract

 ~ 100

STZ-induced diabetic rat mode

Enhancing collagen synthesis, TGF-β production, anti-inflammatory effect, and promoted the wound healing process

[161]

CS-PVA

Nano-bioglass

800 ± 400

Epidermis-rats

Upregulating growth factors of VEGF, TGF-β and downregulating inflammatory cytokines of TNF-α, IL-1β

[162]

Cellulose/Gel

Met and glybenclamide

220 ± 90, and 390 ± 10

Proliferation of L929 (mouse fibroblast) cells/T1DM rats

Observing the highest decrease of TNFα level

[163]

CA/zein

Sesamol

150–250

Diabetic mice

Reducing the expressions of inflammatory factors and IL-10, and sesamol, which can up-regulate IL-6 expression, promoting the growth and proliferation of keratinocytes

[164]

PU/CMC)

Malva sylvestris extract

277 ± 20

Epithelium/male Wister rats

Increasing macrophage infiltration, neovascularization activity, fibroblastic proliferation, and regeneration of collagenization and epithelium

[165]

Cobalt-based MOF

ZIF-67-PLA/Gel

Dimethyloxalylglycine, DMOG

300–500

Epidermal cells and the complete epithelium-/STZ-induced diabetic mice

Enhancing angiogenesis, collagen deposition, elimination of inflammation in the DW, and promoting DW healing

[166]

Cu-GO

Zein

152.9 ± 14

Epidermal/diabetic rats

The highest transformation of granulation tissue, Epidermal reepithelialization

[167]

copper-based MOF, namely, HKUST-1

Nitric oxide as a gas medicine

 ~ 500

Complete epithelium/mice

Synergistically stimulate angiogenesis, promote collagen deposition, and inhibit inflammation

[168]

Si-ACP/PM

-

40

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro and epidermis and dermis-mice

Improved angiogenesis, reepithelialization, and collagen deposition in the wound site, which ultimately accelerates the progress of the DW healing

[169]

PLGA/collagen

Glucophage

203 ± 41

Epidermis-diabetic rats

Increasing collagen content and can act as an effective tissue-engineering scaffold for regenerating skin

[170]

PLGA

Met

443 ± 121

Epidermis-T1DM rats

Providing faster wound healing and better re-epithelialization

[171]

PLGA-based

Cur, and heparin

220 ± 16

Epithelium-rats

Acceleration of re-epithelization, higher angiogenesis, and collagen deposition

[172]

PLGA/SF

167 ± 50

Fibroblasts (L929) -rats

Decreasing the wound area in excision wound model in diabetic rats

[180]

PLGA/Gel

Lira

636 ± 198

Diabetic dermal wounds- rats

Promoting angiogenesis, AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathways

[173]

pGlcNAc fiber mats

db/db mouse

Hemostatic and wound healing effects

[174]

Aminated PES

Human umbilical cord blood-derived CD34+ cells

Dermal and myofibroblasts-mice

Resolving inflammation, augmentation of angiogenesis, improving epithelialization and granulation tissue formation

[175]

Porous PLA

Asiatic acid

Diabetic mice

Accelerating re-epithelization, angiogenesis and ECM formation

[176]

GO-PEG

Quercetin as mediator and artificial acellular dermal matrix

402.71 ± 123.87

MSC/rats

Promotion of collagen deposition Enhancement of angiogenesis for DW healing at an early stage

[130]

Antheraea assama silkworm SF

Various recombinant spider silk fusion proteins

Complete epidermal-rabbits

Acceleration of the wound healing rate, improvement of angiogenesis, early re-epithelialization, and collagen synthesis

[177]

Bioactive glass nanofibres

500–900 nm

oral mucosal wound-T1DM-rabbits

Epithelial cell migration at a short time, providing a sterile wound bed and increasing VEGF precursor

[178]

PLA

DCH

424 ± 62

Epidermal and dermal layers-diabetic rats

enhancing the chronic wound healing, and have great superiority over topical coating of DCH solution

[179]

  1. aNot available data in the article
  2. T1DM type 1 diabetes, PVA poly vinyl alcohol, PLA polylactic acid, Met metformin, FSP fish sarcoplasmic protein, SF silk fibroin, ECM natural extracellular matrix, PCL polycaprolactone, Cur curcumin, GT gum tragacanth, Gel gelatin, AV Aloe Vera, HPO hypericum perforatum oil, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha, NF-κB nuclear factor kappa B, CS chitosan, PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone, Pio pioglitazone, PLCL poly (l-lactide-co-caprolactone), DMOG dimethyloxalylglycine, ZnO NPs zinc oxide nanoparticles, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, GT gum tragacanth, MSC mesenchymal stem cells, FHHA‐S/Fe thioether grafted hyaluronic acid nanofibers, TEMPO 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy, SCNF sacchachitin nanofibers, βG beta-glucan, HPMC hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, PEO polyethylene oxide, STZ streptozotocin, TNF-β tumor necrosis factor-beta, IL Interleukin, CA cellulose acetate, ECM extracellular matrix, PU polyurethane, CMC carboxymethyl cellulose, MOF metal–organic framework, DW diabetic wound, GO graphene oxide, Si-ACP/PM silicon-doped amorphous calcium phosphate nanocoating on the surface, PLGA poly lactic-co-glycolide, Lira liraglutide, pGlcNAc poly-N-acetyl glucosamine, PES polyethersulfone, PEG polyethylene glycol, DCH doxycycline