Type of polymer/material | Incorporated/modified agents | Diameter of nanofiber (nm) | Applied cell type/animal | Main finding | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PVA/PLA | Met and FSP | 621–681 | HaCaT cell lines | Suitable properties for proliferation, and attachment of cells | [139] |
Curdlan/PVA | 1% AgNO3 | 92 ± 33 | RAW 264.7 macrophage Cells/wister rats | Better cell viability, proliferation, and wound healing ability | [140] |
SF/PVA | Non-mulberry SF, mulberry Bombyx mori SF | 100–300 | Endothelial cells/Alloxan induced diabetic rabbit | The functional benefit of regulating ECM secretion from fibroblast | [141] |
PCL | Cur | 200–1000 | Epidermis-diabetic mice | Reducing inflammatory induction, as evidenced by low levels of interleukin‐6 release from mouse monocyte–macrophages seeded | [142] |
PCL/GT | Cur | –a | Fibroblast, and epidermal cell/diabetic rats | Lessening blood glucose level | [143] |
PCL/Gel | AV and HPO | – | TNF-α in serum samples/Wistar Albino male rats | Reducing oxidative stress index | [144] |
PCL-based | Sodium percarbonate | 473 ± 90 | Thick epithelium-rats | Generation of chemical-based oxygen exposed angiogenesis stimulation | [146] |
PCL/CS/Gel and PCL/PVP | Met and Pio | 138.0 ± 42.5 | Complete epidermis and dermis/type-1 diabetic rats | better regeneration and lower TNF-α and NF-κB levels than single drug therapies, good cytocompatibility with L929 cells, and an ideal area for the proliferation | [147] |
PCL-based | Gel-Pio | 144.9 ± 56.92 | Epidermal cell-Type 1, and 2 diabetic mice | Promoting angiogenesis and cell proliferation and regulating the expression of MIP-2, VEGF, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-9, and TGF-β | [148] |
PLCL | ZnO NPs, and oregano essential oil | 1040 ± 220 | Epidermis, thick VEGF/stained tissue-rats | anti-inflammatory effect by down-regulating inflammatory-related gene expression | [149] |
PCL/Gel | Nagelschmidtite (Ca7P2Si2O16) particles | 800–2000 | Epidermal cells-diabetic mice | Improving epidermal regeneration, angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and lessening inflammatory response | [150] |
co-axial PCL /collagen | DMOG | 391.42 ± 31.27 | Epidermal and epidermis-T1DM rats | Enhancing the re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, and wound closure | [151] |
PCL/GT/PVA | MSCs | 130 ± 19 | Epidermis/rats | Repair and regeneration including re-epithelization and collagen formation | [152] |
PCL/PVA/CS | – | 125 ± 12 | Epidermis and dermis-rats | Higher rate of healing process | [153] |
Absorbable nanofibrous hydrogel | FHHA‐S/Fe | 60 ± 11 | Epidermis/mice | Antioxidant properties and the capability of transforming the macrophage phenotype | [133] |
Hydrogel-based | Gel encapsulated-polydeoxyribonucleotide | – | Human embryonic fibroblast cells, vascular endothelial cells/diabetic skin ulcer mouse model | levels of cytokines and angiogenic factors increased in the treatment groups | [154] |
Hydrogel formulation | 5% Turmeric, 1% Oregano, and 1% CS | 211 | Epidermis-rats | High anti-inflammatory, and antioxidants activities, as well as accelerated the healing process in pressure ulcers | [155] |
TEMPO-oxidized SCNF and microfludized SCNF | Hydrogel-based mats including SCN5, T033SC, and T050SC | 753.36 ± 103, 825.54 ± 109, and 496.54 ± 39 | Endothelial cell marker, cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) | Acceleration of the wound healing with forming nearly the same as normal tissue and providing the healed wound with a functional tissue | [156] |
HPMC and PEO | βG | 81 ± 39 | db/db mice | βG-nanofiber significantly improved the healing as compared to the non βG-nanofibers | [157] |
CS/PCL/PVA | MSc + Met | 113 ± 43 | Epidermis and dermis, and fibroblasts differentiate into myofibroblasts | Unique physico-chemical and biological properties of mats, introducing a slow-releasing and dual-functioning scaffold which reduces scar formation and accelerates the wound healing | [158] |
CS/PVA | – | 280 | Epidermis and dermis-rats | Acceleration in diabetes wound healing | [159] |
CS/PVA | ZnO | 279.34 ± 7.23 | Epidermis and scar tissue-rabbits | Useful dressing materials for DWs | [160] |
Gel-based | Cur and Lithospermi radix extract | ~ 100 | STZ-induced diabetic rat mode | Enhancing collagen synthesis, TGF-β production, anti-inflammatory effect, and promoted the wound healing process | [161] |
CS-PVA | Nano-bioglass | 800 ± 400 | Epidermis-rats | Upregulating growth factors of VEGF, TGF-β and downregulating inflammatory cytokines of TNF-α, IL-1β | [162] |
Cellulose/Gel | Met and glybenclamide | 220 ± 90, and 390 ± 10 | Proliferation of L929 (mouse fibroblast) cells/T1DM rats | Observing the highest decrease of TNFα level | [163] |
CA/zein | Sesamol | 150–250 | Diabetic mice | Reducing the expressions of inflammatory factors and IL-10, and sesamol, which can up-regulate IL-6 expression, promoting the growth and proliferation of keratinocytes | [164] |
PU/CMC) | Malva sylvestris extract | 277 ± 20 | Epithelium/male Wister rats | Increasing macrophage infiltration, neovascularization activity, fibroblastic proliferation, and regeneration of collagenization and epithelium | [165] |
Cobalt-based MOF ZIF-67-PLA/Gel | Dimethyloxalylglycine, DMOG | 300–500 | Epidermal cells and the complete epithelium-/STZ-induced diabetic mice | Enhancing angiogenesis, collagen deposition, elimination of inflammation in the DW, and promoting DW healing | [166] |
Cu-GO | Zein | 152.9 ± 14 | Epidermal/diabetic rats | The highest transformation of granulation tissue, Epidermal reepithelialization | [167] |
copper-based MOF, namely, HKUST-1 | Nitric oxide as a gas medicine | ~ 500 | Complete epithelium/mice | Synergistically stimulate angiogenesis, promote collagen deposition, and inhibit inflammation | [168] |
Si-ACP/PM | - | 40 | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro and epidermis and dermis-mice | Improved angiogenesis, reepithelialization, and collagen deposition in the wound site, which ultimately accelerates the progress of the DW healing | [169] |
PLGA/collagen | Glucophage | 203 ± 41 | Epidermis-diabetic rats | Increasing collagen content and can act as an effective tissue-engineering scaffold for regenerating skin | [170] |
PLGA | Met | 443 ± 121 | Epidermis-T1DM rats | Providing faster wound healing and better re-epithelialization | [171] |
PLGA-based | Cur, and heparin | 220 ± 16 | Epithelium-rats | Acceleration of re-epithelization, higher angiogenesis, and collagen deposition | [172] |
PLGA/SF | – | 167 ± 50 | Fibroblasts (L929) -rats | Decreasing the wound area in excision wound model in diabetic rats | [180] |
PLGA/Gel | Lira | 636 ± 198 | Diabetic dermal wounds- rats | Promoting angiogenesis, AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathways | [173] |
pGlcNAc fiber mats | – | – | db/db mouse | Hemostatic and wound healing effects | [174] |
Aminated PES | Human umbilical cord blood-derived CD34+ cells | – | Dermal and myofibroblasts-mice | Resolving inflammation, augmentation of angiogenesis, improving epithelialization and granulation tissue formation | [175] |
Porous PLA | Asiatic acid | – | Diabetic mice | Accelerating re-epithelization, angiogenesis and ECM formation | [176] |
GO-PEG | Quercetin as mediator and artificial acellular dermal matrix | 402.71 ± 123.87 | MSC/rats | Promotion of collagen deposition Enhancement of angiogenesis for DW healing at an early stage | [130] |
Antheraea assama silkworm SF | Various recombinant spider silk fusion proteins | – | Complete epidermal-rabbits | Acceleration of the wound healing rate, improvement of angiogenesis, early re-epithelialization, and collagen synthesis | [177] |
Bioactive glass nanofibres | – | 500–900 nm | oral mucosal wound-T1DM-rabbits | Epithelial cell migration at a short time, providing a sterile wound bed and increasing VEGF precursor | [178] |
PLA | DCH | 424 ± 62 | Epidermal and dermal layers-diabetic rats | enhancing the chronic wound healing, and have great superiority over topical coating of DCH solution | [179] |