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Fig. 2 | Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Fig. 2

From: Neurotransmitter-stimulated neuron-derived sEVs have opposite effects on amyloid β-induced neuronal damage

Fig. 2

Neuron-internalized sEVs alleviate or aggravate Aβ damage to neurons. A sEVs were labeled with CellMask (red) and added to the primary neurons. A control group (only CellMask without sEVs) was established to exclude false-positive staining caused by the dye. Then, the neurons were immunostained with βIII-tubulin (green) and visualized under a confocal microscope. CellMask-labeled sEVs were indicated by white arrows. B, C After the pretreatment of primary neurons with the indicated concentration (μg/mL) of glutamate sEVs, GABA sEVs, or Ctrl sEVs for 24 h, the neurons were treated with 0.5 μM Aβ1–42 for 48 h. Cell viability was measured using CCK-8. D, E Cell apoptosis levels were measured using TUNEL assay. FI The expression of apoptotic molecules (cleaved Caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2) was detected by Western blot. The relative protein expression was normalized to that of β-actin quantified by ImageJ software. n = 3. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001

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