Fig. 5

Identification of sEV miR-132 and its effect on Aβ pathology. A sEVs were isolated from glutamate (15 μM), GABA (500 μM), or PBS-treated neurons, and the miRNA composition of sEVs was compared by miRNA-sequencing. Heatmap of 16 significantly changed (GABA sEVs vs. Ctrl sEVs and Glutamate sEVs vs. Ctrl sEVs) miRNAs. B qPCR analysis of rno-miR-132-3p expression in sEVs. U6 was used as a reference gene. C–E Primary neurons were treated with miR-132 mimics, mimic control, miR-132 inhibitors, or inhibitor control-loaded sEVs for 24 h, followed by treatment with Aβ for 48 h. Cell viability was measured using CCK-8 (C) or TUNEL assays (D, E). F–I Expression of apoptotic molecules (cleaved Caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2) in neurons treated with sEVs was detected by Western blot. n = 3. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001