Table 2 Synthesis of HM-CDs
Sources | Synthetic methods | Reaction temperature (℃/W) | Reaction time | QY (%) | Average particle size (nm) | Particle size distribution (nm) | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pinellia Ternata | Hydrothermal | 180 | 9 h | 21.30 | 5.2 | 5.0–6.0 | [151] |
Osmanthus fragrans | Hydrothermal | 180 | 10 h | 21.90 | 3.1 | 2.0–6.0 | [152] |
Osmanthus fragrans | Hydrothermal | 240 | 5 h | 18.53 | 2.23 | 1.0–3.5 | [150] |
Mustard seeds | Hydrothermal | 180 | 4 h | 4.60 | 4.58 ± 0.26 | 2.0–8.0 | [157] |
Lemon juice | Hydrothermal | 120 | 3 h | 16.70 | 3.1 | 2.0–4.5 | [155] |
Ginkgo fruits | Hydrothermal | 160/180/200 | 8/12/16 h | 3.33 | 3.81 | 2.0–6.0 | [81] |
Ginkgo leaf | Hydrothermal | 200 | 10 h | 22.80 | 3 | 2.0–4.0 | [85] |
Papaya | Hydrothermal | 200 | 5 h | 18.98 | 3.4 | 2.0–6.0 | [78] |
Purple perilla | Hydrothermal | 260 | 5 h | 9.01 | 2.8 | – | [142] |
Orange peel | Hydrothermal | 200 | 4 h | 18.57 | 2.34 | – | [84] |
Orange peel | Hydrothermal | 200 | 6 h | 11.37 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | – | [83] |
Bamboo leaves | Hydrothermal | 200 | 6 h | 7.10 | 3.6 | 3.4–4.2 | [80] |
Panax notoginseng | Hydrothermal | 180 | 12 h | 8.54 | 7.8 | 7.2–8.4 | [38] |
Panax notoginseng | Hydrothermal | 180 | 12 h | 18.41 | 6.66 | 5.58–7.75 | [38] |
Giant Knotweed Rhizome | Hydrothermal | 200 | 3 h | 11.50 | 35 | – | [87] |
Jujubes | Hydrothermal | 190 | 6 h | – | 3.12 | – | [149] |
Honey | Hydrothermal | 100 | 2 h | – | – | Mainly 2 nm | [43] |
Lycii Fructus | Hydrothermal | 180 | 5 h | 17.20 | 3.3 | 2.0–5.0 | [148] |
Ginger | Hydrothermal | 300 | 2 h | 13.40 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | – | [28] |
Yams | Hydrothermal | 200 | 2 h | – | – | 1.5–4.0 | [79] |
Gardenia fruit | Hydrothermal | 180 | 5 h | 10.70 | 2.08 | 1.2–3.5 | [88] |
Coix seed | Hydrothermal | 180 | 3 h | 17.43 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.1–2.7 | [82] |
Smilax China | Hydrothermal | 200 | 5 h | 22.37 | 2.10 ± 0.29 | 0.5–3.0 | [147] |
Puerariae lobatae Radix | High-temperature pyrolysis | 300 | 1 h | 3.20 | – | 3.0–10.0 | [118] |
Schizonepetae Spica | High-temperature pyrolysis | 350 | 1 h | 6.31 | – | 1.29–6.87 | [98] |
Schizonepetae Spica | High-temperature pyrolysis | 350 | 1 h | 2.26 | – | 0.8–4.0 | [97] |
Aurantii fructus immaturus | High-temperature pyrolysis | 350 | 1 h | 7.20 | – | 1.1–4.4 | [117] |
Lychee seeds | High-temperature pyrolysis | 300 | 2 h | 10.60 | 1.12 | 0.4–2.0 | [96] |
Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex | High-temperature pyrolysis | 350 | 1 h | – | 2.84 ± 0.89 | – | [127] |
Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex | High-temperature pyrolysis | 350 | 1 h | 9.62 | – | 1.2–4.8 | [110] |
Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex | High-temperature pyrolysis | 400 | 1 h | 5.63 | 1.93 ± 0.53 | 0.5–3.6 | [162] |
Radix Sophorae Flavescentis | High-temperature pyrolysis | 350 | 1 h | 1.08 | – | Mainly 2.0–3.0 | [115] |
Lonicerae japonicae Flos | High-temperature pyrolysis | 350 | 1 h | 0.50 | – | 1.0–10.0 | [116] |
Watermelon peel | High-temperature pyrolysis | 220 | 2 h | 7.10 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | – | [33] |
Artemisiae Argyi Folium | High-temperature pyrolysis | 350 | 1 h | 0.19 | – | 6.0–10.0 | [134] |
Pollen Typhae | High-temperature pyrolysis | 350 | 1 h | – | 4.2 ± 1.4 | 2.0–8.0 | [109] |
Junci Medulla | High-temperature pyrolysis | 350 | 1 h | 0.12 | – | 1.0–8.0 | [163] |
Zingiberis rhizoma | High-temperature pyrolysis | 350 | 1 h | 5.20 | 3.00 ± 0.77 | 2.23–3.77 | [135] |
Fennel Seeds | High-temperature pyrolysis | 500 | 3 h | 9.50 | 3.90 ± 0.91 | – | [94] |
Egg yolk oil | High-temperature pyrolysis | 260 | 1 h | 5.01 | – | Mainly less than 10 nm | [44] |
Paeoniae Radix Alba | High-temperature pyrolysis | 350 | 1 h | 5.34 | – | 1.0–2.4 | [126] |
Jiaosanxian | High-temperature pyrolysis | – | – | 7.95 | – | 4.4–6.4 | [132] |
Mulberry silkworm cocoon | High-temperature pyrolysis | 350 | 1 h | 6.32 | – | 2.26–9.35 | [45] |
Gynostemma | High-temperature pyrolysis | 400 | 4 h | 5.7 | 2.49 ± 0.43 | – | [161] |
Hair | High-temperature pyrolysis/microwave | 300/400 | 2 h/4 min | 86.06 | 3.57 | 2.0–6.0 | [42] |
Rose flowers | Microwave | – | – | – | – | 4.0–6.0 | [153] |
Ginkgo fruits | Microwave | 800 | 5/10/15 min | 0.65 | 2.82 | 2.0–4.0 | [81] |
Orange peel | Microwave | 900 | 1 min | 16.20 | 4.2 | 3.0–5.0 | [103] |
Papaya | Solvothermal | 200 | 5 h | 18.39 | 10.8 | 8.0–18.0 | [78] |