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Table 3 HM-CDs as sensors

From: Herbal medicine derived carbon dots: synthesis and applications in therapeutics, bioimaging and sensing

Herbal medicine

Iron/molecule

Sensing mechanisms

Refs

Jujubes

Fe3+

Electron transfer

[149]

Honey

Fe3+

Electron transfer

[43]

Lycii Fructus

Fe3+

IFE/electron transfer/energy transfer

[148]

Pinellia Ternata

Cr6+

Synergistic effect of IFE and electron transfer

[151]

Osmanthus fragrans

Al3+/quercetin

IFE and static quenching effect

[152]

Osmanthus fragrans

Fe3+

IFE

[150]

Mustard seeds

Ascorbic acid

Electron transfer

[157]

Ginkgo leaf

Salazosulfapyridine

IFE

[85]

Papaya

Fe3+/Escherichia coli

Electron transfer/FimH proteins interact with mannose

[78]

Purple perilla

Ag+

Electron transfer

[142]

Orange peel

Cr6+

IFE

[84]

Orange peel

Escherichia coli

Aptamer to E. coli cells

[103]

Lychee seeds

Methylene blue

Electron transfer

[96]

Rose flower

Tetracycline

Energy transfer

[153]

Giant Knotweed Rhizome

Hg2+

Energy transfer

[87]

Bamboo leaves

Cu2+

IFE

[80]

Panax notoginseng

Cr6+

IFE

[38]

Hair

Fe3+/ATP/NAPDH

Synergistic action of the metabolism process by the digestive system and quenching effect of internal metabolite and substance

[42]

Yams

Hg2+/6-mercaptopurine

FRET/decreased conjugation

[79]

Gardenia fruit

Hg2+/cysteine

Static quenching

[88]

Coix seed

Furazolidone

Static quenching/IFE

[82]

Smilax China

Cu2+

Static quenching

[147]

  1. IFE: inner filter effect; FRET: fluorescence resonance energy transfer