Table 3 Regulatory effect on sEVs by compounds extracted from plant drugs
Compound | Donor cells | Recipient cells | Disease | Regulatory effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Curcumin [84] | H1299 cells | BEAS-2B cells | Lung cancer | Curcumin exerts its anti-cancer function by downregulating DNMT1, thereby upregulating exosomal TCF21 |
Curcumin [85] | Mouse brain ECs | Mouse brain ECs | Blood–brain barrier disruption | The sEVs derived from curcumin-treated MBECs alleviated oxidative stress, tight junctions (ZO-1, claudin-5, occludin), adherent junction (VE-cadherin) proteins and EC layer permeability induced during EC damage due to hyperhomocysteinemia |
Shikonin [86] | Mouse preadipocytes | MCF10DCIS cells | Breast cancer | Shikonin-treated preadipocytes secreted sEVs with high levels of miR-140, which can inhibit nearby ductal carcinoma in situ cells. through targeting SOX9 signaling |
Shikonin [87] | MCF-7 cells | MCF-7 cells | Breast cancer | Shikonin inhibits the proliferation of MCF-7 cells through inhibiting sEV release and reducing tumor-derived exosomal miR-128 |
Berberine [88] | Glomerular mesangial cells | Podocytes | Diabetic nephropathy | Berberine significantly ameliorated the injury of podocytes induced by ((high glucose)-induced glomerular mesangial cell)-derived sEVs, likely through downregulating TGF-β1 content in sEVs |
Halofuginone [89] | MCF-7 cells | MCF-7 cells | Breast cancer | Inhibition of sEV production by halofuginone reduces exosomal miR‐31, which targets the histone deacetylase 2/cell cycle signaling axis and further inhibits MCF‐7 cell growth |
β-Elemene [90] | MCF-7 cells* | MCF-7 cells* | Breast cancer | β-Elemene altered the expression of some multidrug resistance related miRs, including PTEN and Pgp in cells and their sEVs, reversing drug resistance |
Docosahexaenoic acid [91] | MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, ZR751 and BT20 cells | EA.hy926 ECs | Breast cancer | Docosahexaenoic acid enhanced the sEV secretion of breast cancer cells and increased exosomal miRNAs related to anti-cancer and/or anti-angiogenic activity (let-7a, miR-23b, miR-27a/b, miR-21, let-7, and miR-320b) |
Tetramethyl-pyrazine [92] | Cardiac MSCs | Cardiac MSCs | Ischemic heart disease | Tetramethylpyrazine treatment increased sEVs release from Cardiac-MSCs through upregulating the Rab27a, SYTL4 and Rab27b proteins |