Fig. 4

Inhibition of HUVE and 4T1 cells proliferation, migration and cell cycle progression. a The investigation of cell viability in the HUVECs and 4T1 cells after treatment with different concentrations (0–1000 ng mL⁻¹) of GNPs, VGB3, and GNP–VGB3 in the presence of VEGF (20 ng mL⁻¹). Also, the cell viability rates of 4T1 cells after treatments with different concentrations (0–2000 ng mL⁻¹) of GNPs, VGB3 and GNP–VGB3 after 24 and 48 h incubation. The cell viability rates of treated cells were evaluated by MTT assay for 24 and 48 h incubation using prism software 8 (One-way ANOVA method, based on mean ± SEM of six independent observations). b HUVE and 4T1 cells wound closure cell migration assay after different treatment with PBS, GNPs, VGB3, or GNP–VGB3 in the presence of VEGF (20 ng mL⁻¹) after incubation for 0, 24 or 48 h. By Wimasis image analysis, wound areas in the images were shown with a gray color. c Statistical analysis of wound area of HUVE and 4T1 cells after treatments by One-way ANOVA, mean ± SD, n = 3). d Cell cycle analysis of HUVE and 4T1 cells after exposure to PBS, GNPs, VGB3, and GNP–VGB3 and VI stain followed by flow cytometry analysis. e Cell cycle distribution of HUVE and 4T1 treated cells were analyzed statistically by One-way ANOVA pathway (mean ± SEM, and n = 3, ****P < 0.0001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, or ns: not significant)