Table 1 Nanomaterials applied to fertilizer and their functions

Bio-fertilizer

growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) & endophytic bacteria

graphite and silica composites

The nano formulation has wider inhibition zones, indicating that this delivery system affects the control mechanism

[71]

Trace element fertilizers

Iron (Fe₃O₄)

Iron oxide nanoparticles as well as EDTA-functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles

Improve in total chlorophyll, total carbohydrates, germination rate, and iron content of the plants and increase plant height, sugar content, and antioxidant enzymes of mulberry (Morus alba L.)

[73]

Zinc (Zn)

Use fungi preparation of Nano – Zn

The application of Zn nano-fertilizer increased the yield of the crop at maturity by 37.7%

[74]

Selenium (Se)

Nano – Se

Help minimize pesticide induced oxidative damage of tea

[75]

Major element fertilizers

Nitrogen (N)

Nano-Nitrogen Chelate

Increase the sugar content of sugarcane and reduce the leaching of N in the soil

[76]

Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) compound

zeolite

The potassium content in the soil was maintained at a higher level with the nano-potassium fertilizer

[77]

Medium element fertilizers

Calcium (Ca)

Nano – Ca₂SO₄

Nano calcium sulfate provides a larger surface area, higher solubility, and improved integration of fertilizer and soil, which further reduces soil phosphorus loss, and it is a fertilizer itself

[78]

Organic fertilizer

Vermicompost

Nano-vermicompost organic fertilizer

Beneficial effects on growth, oxidative stress parameters, antioxidants, nitrogen metabolism, osmotic pressure accumulation and mineral elements in tomato under drought stress

[79]