Fig. 2

MPs derived from apoptotic primary HPCs prevent hepatocarcinogenesis. A Experimental outline for producing organoid-apoMPs. Rats were treated with DEN for 6 weeks. Livers were removed, cut into small pieces, and digested with 0.1% collagenase IV. Primary HPCs were then isolated and cultured to form organoids. 100 µg/ml of doxorubicin was used to treat the organoids and organoid-apoMPs were then isolated. B After 6 weeks of DEN treatment, Sprague Dawley rats were intrasplenically injected with 40 µg of organoid-apoMPs in 200 µl saline or 200 µl of blank saline. Injections were given twice every week for 7 weeks. DEN treatment was also continued during this time. After 13 weeks, the rats were sacrificed to observe the development of HCC. Representative images of livers are shown. Typical tumor nodes are indicated by the asterisks. C The maximum tumor volume per liver in the two groups. Data are presented as mean ± SD. ****p < 0.0001. D The number of HCC nodules per liver. Data are presented as mean ± SD. ****p < 0.0001. E The liver-to-body weight ratio. Data are presented as mean ± SD. ****p < 0.0001. F The tumor incidence in the two groups. G Images of H&E-stained liver sections, showing the histological structure and inflammatory response of the liver in the indicated groups. Black asterisks represent accumulation of inflammatory cells