Fig. 1

a Chemical structure of A1. b FL spectrum of A1 in THF/water mixture different f_w. The concentration of A1 in the mixture is 7 nM. c I/I₀ of A1 in THF/water mixture with different water fractions. d Optimized confirmation of A1 structure from top-view and side-view respectively. e HOMO and LUMO wave functions in the geometrically optimized structures