Fig. 2
From: The advances in nanomedicine for bone and cartilage repair
The delivery vehicle of nanomedicine. A Invisible nanocarriers can be obtained by coating NPs with PEG so as to bypass the immune system. B Cell-like NPs can be obtained by wrapping NPs in a cell membrane-derived biomimetic coating. C1 Indirect drug-loading: parent cells are transfected with specific mRNAs, leading to the release of exosomes overexpressing specific genetic substances. C2 Direct drug-loading: upon release from the parent cell, a high intensity electric field is used to form transient pores on lipid membranes, thereby facilitating the migration of therapeutic molecules into exosome. D Bone targeted delivery of Dex using exosomes increases its accumulation at the site of inflammation, inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes anti-inflammatory cytokines, thereby significantly reducing joint inflammation