Fig. 8From: The advances in nanomedicine for bone and cartilage repairPromising nanotechnologies in cartilage repair. A Bioprinting enables multi-layer printing of cartilage tissue engineering scaffolds to reproduce their complex hierarchical structure. B ECM materials obtained by decellularization can self-assemble into gels that provide growth factors and seed cells for cartilage regeneration and repair. C Therapeutic cell-secreted exosomes can overexpress target mRNAs through genetic modification to directly activate or inhibit certain signalling pathways in target cells, alleviating the progress of OABack to article page