Fig. 2

Modification strategies for the surface membrane and internal composition of MPs. Both the membrane surface (left) and inner composition (right) of MPs can be changed to enhance the function of MPs. The modification strategy can be separated into two categories. One is to modify the original cells, whose MPs have the same modification (dotted arrow). Another one is to modify MPs directly (solid arrows). Furthermore, the usage of modification methods is restrictive. Transfection can only be applied to cells. Methods with yellow background can only be applied to MPs. Methods with green background can be applied to both cells and MPs