Fig. 3

Characterization of CD90@NP. A Pattern diagram. B Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of CD90@MV and CD90@NP; Bar = 100 nm. C Size distribution and ζ potential of CD90@MV, NP, and CD90@NP; n = 3. D Change of CD90@NP size in PBS during 1 week; n = 3. E CD90@NP turbidity in serum; n = 3. F Release profile of TA encapsulated in NP and CD90@NP; n = 3. G Protein composition of CD90⁺ MSCs, CD90⁺ MSCs membranes, CD90@MV, and CD90@NP, analyzed by SDS-PAGE. G, H Western blot of CD44, CD90 and Na/K ATPase in CD90⁺ MSCs, CD90⁺ MSCs membranes, CD90@MV, and CD90@NP. I In vitro binding of CD90@NP (red, DID) and RNP (red, DID) to damaged primary chondrocytes (green); Bar = 100 μm, n = 3. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01