Fig. 3

Plant response to different concentration MF-NPs exposure and Fenton reaction. a–e Responses to various concentrations of MF-NPs exposure: a Plant height (n ≥ 25). b Stem diameter (n ≥ 23). c Total biomass (n ≥ 24). d Nodule number (n ≥ 31). e Nodule weight(n ≥ 22). f, g Plants exposed to 0, 0.1, 1, 10, 50, or 100 mg L⁻¹ of MF-NPs for 4 weeks. f Root length phenotype (experiment number, n = 5). g Root length under various concentrations of MF-NPs exposure. h–l Plant growth performance under10 mg L⁻¹MF-NPs exposure in response to Fenton reaction induced by H₂O₂ at pH 6.5 and 5.2. h Plant height (n ≥ 12). i Stem diameter (n ≥ 13). j Total biomass (n ≥ 13). k Nodule number (n ≥ 13). l Nodule weight (n ≥ 13). m Growth phenotype(n = 5). n Root length (n = 5)