Fig. 7

Global expression profiles of soybean genes at different nodulation stages. a Principal component analysis (PCA) of RNA-Seq data. b Venn diagram of E-CK (early stage), M-CK (middle stage), and L-CK (late stage) without NPs exposure. E-MF, M-MF, and L-MF indicate early-stage, middle-stage, and late-stage MF-NPs (10 mg L⁻¹) exposure, respectively. c–e Relative expression heatmap of c Nod-R genes, d Fla-R genes, and e ROS-R genes. f K-means diagram of differential expressed genes (DEGs)