Fig. 2

Schematic diagram of tumor apoptosis induced by TP. TNF-α receptor mediated exogenous signaling pathways, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (Er) stress mediated endogenous signaling pathways. Exogenous signaling pathways: (1) TNF-α—induced apoptosis was enhanced by inhibition of NF-κB. (2) Both TNF-α and FasL simultaneously activated caspase-8/3 signaling pathway and induce apoptosis. Endogenous signaling pathways: (1) By enhancing Bax/Bad and inhibiting the expression of Bcl-2, it further promotes the release of cytochrome C (Cyt C) and mediates apoptosis after activating the Caspase pathway. (2) By disrupting the mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of Cyt C causes oxidative stress on its surface to mediate apoptosis. (3) Er stress induces Er ROS generation, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced mitochondrial ROS production