Fig. 1

Characteristics of the isolated PL-Exos. A Schematic illustration of PL-exo-ALN preparation and its bone targeting mechanism. B Representative TEM image of PL-exo and PL-exo-ALN (scale bar: 100 nm). C Representative DLS results showing the size distribution of PL-exo and PL-exo-ALN. D Confirmation of the presence of exosomal marker proteins (CD9 and TSG101), the decrease of platelet marker (CD41), the enrich of representative GFs (PDGF-BB, TGF-β, bFGF and VEGF) and the absence of the non-exosomal protein (calnexin) by Western blot analysis