Fig. 3

In vitro Oxidative Stress Generation of MnCO₃-ICG. A Intracellular ·OH generation detected by DCFH-DA probe (scale bar, 30 μm). B Flow cytometry data for DCFH-DA probe treated with Group 1: PBS, Group 2: MnCO₃-ICG ([Mn]: 5 μg/mL), Group 3: MnCO₃-ICG ([Mn]: 10 μg/mL), Group 4: MnCO₃-ICG ([Mn]: 20 μg/mL). C CLSM observation on the intracellular distribution of lipoperoxides in 4T1 cells after incubation with PBS and MnCO₃-ICG for 24 h. The red fluorescence is the lipid ROS in cells and membranes after the staining with BODIPY-C11 (scale bar, 50 μm). D Flow cytometric and quantitative analyses of lipid peroxidation. E CLSM observation on the changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential of 4T1 cells after incubation with different concentration of MnCO₃-ICG. The blue, red, and green colors indicate cell nucleus, and JC-1J-aggregates and monomer, respectively (scale bar, 50 μm). F ΔΨ_m was assessed by detecting the red fluorescence and green fluorescence via flow cytometer. G LDH release assay after incubation with different concentration of MnCO₃-ICG (***p < 0.001)