Table 1 Nano-priming and their impacts on growth and development of different plant species

1

Solanum lycopersicum L.

Nanosilicon dioxide (nSiO₂)

8 g/L

Positively affect tomato seed germination

[103]

2

Capsicum annum L.

Anatase nanoparticle

(nTiO₂)

nTiO₂@ 7.5℅

Germination rate index, radicle and plumule length, the fresh weight, and the vigour index were increased significantly

[104]

3

Eruca sativa

Polyvinylpyrrolidine-coated AgNPs (PVP-AgNPs)

10 mg/L (PVP-AgNPs)

Increased the root elongation in E. sativa

[105]

4

Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon)

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)

2 mg/mL

Enhanced germination (73.3%) efficiency

[106]

5

Cucurbita pepo (Zucchini)

AgNPs

0.5 and 2.5 mg/mL

Induction (86.67% & 90%) of germination rate in zucchini plants

[106]

6

Vicia faba

AgNPs

12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/L

When compared to control groups, the Ag NPs exposed groups had significantly more chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, and a lower mitotic index

[107]

7

Pisum sativum L. (Pea)

ZnO NPs

125, 250, and 500 mg/kg

Enhanced root elongation

[107]

8

P. sativum L. (Pea)

AgNPs

60 ppm AgNPs

Improved seed germination

[108]

9

Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis

AgNPs and AgNO₃

250 mg/L of AgNPs

Enhanced seed germination and growth rate, chlorophyll content and increased peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity

[80]

10

Triticum aestivum (Wheat)

Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract with AgNPs (B-AgNPs)

10 mg/L B-AgNPs

B-Ag NPs were beneficial in enhancing early seedling growth, reducing ROS toxicity

[109]

11

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. Cv

AgNPs

25 and 50 mg/L

ROS overproduction overwhelms the antioxidant response of the plant

[110]

12

Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews

AgNPs

25 and 50 mg/L

i). Effective to eliminate the

bacteria without affecting young plants

ii). An increase in plantlet antioxidant response, as well as an improvement in nutrient capture

[111]

13

Nicotiana tabacum

AuNPs

30, 100 mg/L

Enhancement of growth

[112]

14

Soybean

CeO₂ NPs

100 mg kg/L CeO₂ NPs

Improved photosynthetic rate

[113]

15

Gloriosa superba

AuNPs

500–1000

μM

Increased seed germination and enhancement of vegetative growth

[114]

16

Allium cepa

AuNPs

100, 500, 1000 μM

Acceleration of pollen germination; increase in mitotic index

[115]

17

Cicer arietinum L

Fe₂O₃ NPs

4 to12 μg/mL

Increased seed germination and growth parameters such as. shoot length, root length

[116]

18

Pennisetum glaucum

AuNPs

20–50 mg/L

Promotion of seed germination and root and shoot length

[117]

19

Arabidopsis thaliana

AuNPs

10–80 mg/L

Promotion of seed germination

[118]

20

T. aestivum (Wheat)

FeNPs

2.0 ppm

Enhances the shoot and root proliferation

[119]

21

Zea mays

AuNPs

5–15 ppm

Promotion of seed germination

[47]

22

Buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis L.) and green alder (Alnus viridis L.)

CNPs (MWCNT–COOH)

20 µg/mL and 40 µg /mL

Increased seedling vigor index and germination rate

The positive effects on germination and resolution of seed dormancy

[2]

23

Brassica juncea

AuNPs

0–400 mg/L

Increased root length

[120]

24

Z. mays (Maize)

gold nanoparticles

5–15 mg/L

The maize seeds significantly improved their germination and physiology without any toxicity

[2]

25

Cicer arietinum (Chickpea)

TiO₂ NPs

10–2500 mg/L

Provide protection against cold stress-induced oxidative damage through activation of antioxidant mechanisms in seedlings

[121]

26

C. annuum L.

MnNPs

0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/L

The root growth in both non-salt and salt-stressed seedlings significantly improved

[122]

27

Cucumis sativus (Cucumber)

CeO₂ and CuO NPs

(50, 100, and 200 mg/L)

Increased fruit production per plant

[123]

28

Vicia narbonensis L. and Z. mays

TiO₂-NPs

0.2, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0%

In the root tip meristem, there is a large increase in chromosomal aberrations and a decrease in mitotic activity

[124]

29

Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata (Black eyed pea plants)

Fe NPs

0.5 g/L

The increased seed weight, leaf chlorophyll and Fe content

[125]

30

Arachis hypogaea (Peanut)

nZVI

(40 to 80 μmol/L)

Promote the germination rate of peanut seeds

[126]

31

Glycine max (soybean)

CuO NPs

100, 200, and 400 mg/L

In soybean roots, the expression of the PAL, C4H, and CAD genes were upregulated

[127]

32

A. cepa L., (Onion)

Ag and ZnO NPs

22, 75, and 100 ppm

Impaired cell division, disordered metaphase, chromosomal breaks and cell disintegration in the onion root tips

[128]

33

T. aestivum (Wheat)

Ag NPs

10 mg/L

Few proteins related to primary metabolism and cell protection in the shoots and roots exhibit altered expression

[129]

34

Oryza sativa (Rice)

CeO₂ NPs

125 mg/L

Lipid peroxidation were significantly increased in the rice roots

[130]

35

S. lycopersicum (Tomato)

NiO NPs

2.0 g/L

An elevated CAT, GR, and SOD activities in tomato plants upon NiO NPs exposure

[131]

36

Brassica juncea (Indian mustard)

CuO NPs

500 mg/L

SOD activity in roots and shoots was substantially increased

[132]

37

B. Juncea

Gold NPs

10 and 25 mg/L

Marked increase in the chlorophyll contents

[133]

38

Asparagus officinalis

AgNPs

100 mg/L

Increased ascorbic acid and chlorophyll contents

[134]

39

S. lycopersicum (Tomato)

(SWCNHs)

25 µg/mL

Improved germination rate

[135]

40

Crocus sativus

AgNPs

40, 80, 120 ppm

Improved root growth from blocking of ethylene and classical stress signaling reactions (mediated by [Ca²⁺] cyt and ROS) and a specific effect on the plasma membrane conductance

[136]

41

Lycopersicum esculentum

Nano-silicon oxide

8 g/L

Improved seed germination

[103]

42

Hordeum vulgare seeds

FeO NPs (Nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI)

250 mg/L

Increased root length

[137]

43

Solanum tuberosum (Potato)

AgNPs

150 ppm

Improves the chlorophyll content and can equally enhance catalase activity

[138]

44

T. aestivum

AgNPs

0.01–1.0 mg/L

Promotion of respiration intensity, seed vigor, and seed germination; increase in dry biomass of roots and aerial parts

[139]

45

A. thaliana

AgNPs

0.01–100 mg/L

Increase in root length, biomass, and evapotranspiration

[140]

46

B. juncea

AuNPs

10 and 25 ppm

The improved concentration of chlorophyll contents and faster rate of CO₂ fixation in the photosynthetic phase, lead to higher soluble sugars

[133]

47

Tomato

CoFe₂O₄ NPs

Up to 1000 mg/L

Maintaining the chlorophyll contents in tomato leaves

[141]

48

O. sativa L. cv. (KDML 105)

AgNPs

5 and 10 ppm

Up-regulation of aquaporin genes for enhancing seed germination

[2]

10 and 20 mg/L

Induced water uptake level

49

S. lycopersicum (Tomato) and A. thaliana

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and AgNPs

(CNTs) (40 μg/mL) and AgNPs (0.2 and 0.5 mg/L)

Significantly activate the expression of aquaporin genes in tomato roots and Arabidopsis seedlings

[142]

50

A.thaliana

AgNPs

0.2 or 0.5 mg/L

Transcript levels of aquaporins such as PIP 1;2, PIP 2;1, PIP 2;2, SIP 1;1, and TIP 1;1 increased approximately twofold over control plants

[143]

51

Spinacia oleracea (Spinach seeds)

FeS₂ NPs

FeS₂ (80 mg/mL of water)

FeS₂ NPs could enhance the amylase enzymatic activity in spinach seeds

[85]

52

A.thaliana

AgNPs

0–100 μM

i). Increase in root length

ii). Activation of expression of genes implicated in cell proliferation and metabolism; activation of expression of hormonal signaling related genes

[140]

53

S. lycopersicum (Tomato)

CNTs

(10–40 g/mL)

The alteration of seed membrane, increased rate of germination and plant growth

[144]

54

S. lycopersicum (Tomato)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)s

10–40 mg/L

The dramatically increase germination rate and enhanced growth of tomato seedlings with up-regulation of the aquaporin (water channel gene)

[145]

55

Zea mays L. (Maize- waxy variety)

GNPs (Galanga rhizome extracts (GRE) 2 mL GRE: 10 mL HAuCl₄)

GNPs at 5 mg/L 10 mg/L GNPs at 15 mg/L

Increased total chlorophyll (35–53%) contents in all GNP priming treatments as compared to unprimed plants

[47]

56

Jasmine rice (O. sativa L. cv. KDML105)

AgNPs

10, 20 mg/L

Seedlings in the Ag NPs10 and Ag NPs20 priming treatments had 2.6 and 2.5 times higher α-amylase activity than control seedlings. Catalase activity increased by 71% and 61% in primed seeds after 24 h of imbibition, respectively

[47]