Fig. 1

Characterization of MoS₂. a Schematic of simultaneous PD-L1 and glutamine metabolism inhibition to enhance suppression of triple-negative breast cancer. V9302 targets the glutamine transporter on the surface of breast cancer cells to inhibit the transport of glutamine and result in glutamine starvation of tumor cells. Then the glutamine levels in tumor interstitial fluid increase and more CD8⁺ cells enter the tumor core, thereby improving anti-PDL1 efficacy and synergistically inhibiting tumor growth. b Morphology of MoS₂ observed by TEM. Inset: TEM image with high magnification. c Hydrodynamic diameters of MoS₂ before and after the modification of PLL by DLS analysis. d The photograph of MoS_{2 was} dispersed in water and PBS for 1 h and 24 h. The cell viability of 4T1 cells treated with MoS₂ and MoS₂-PLL for e 24 h and f 48 h. g Zeta potentials of MoS₂, PLL-MoS₂, MoS₂-aPDL1 and MoS₂-aPDL1-V9302. Data are presented as means ± SD (n = 5)