Fig. 4

A Colony formation assays of E. coli on LB agar plates untreated and treated with 50 μg mL⁻¹ (in terms of the Ti₃C₂T_x) of Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets or Cu₂O/Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets in PBS solution without and with NIR irradiation (808 nm, 0.54 W cm⁻²) for 10 min. B Comparative MIC₉₀ values (in terms of Ti₃C₂T_x) of Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets and Cu₂O/Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets against four tested bacterial strains in the absence and presence of NIR laser (808 nm, 0.54 W cm⁻², 10 min). The error bars in B represent the standard deviation of three repeated measurements. Asterisks in B show a statistically significant difference of the Cu₂O/Ti₃C₂T_x + NIR groups compared to the pristine Ti₃C₂T_x groups (***p < 0.0001)