Fig. 5

A The bright-field and fluorescence images of E. coli untreated and treated with 25 μg mL⁻¹ (in terms of Ti₃C₂T_x) of Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets and Cu₂O/Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets, or H₂O₂ (20 µM) in PBS solution for 10 min without or with NIR laser irradiation (808 nm, 0.54 W cm⁻²). B Microscopic images were captured after the DCFH-DA staining. B Relative fluorescence intensity (I_F) of DCF in E. coli suspensions was recorded at the excitation/emission wavelengths of 490/530 nm, respectively. The error bars in B represent the standard deviation of three repeated experiments. Scale bar in A is 10 μm. The error bars in B represent the standard deviation of three repeated experiments. Asterisks in B show statistically significant differences of the untreated, H₂O₂, Ti₃C₂T_x, and Cu₂O/Ti₃C₂T_x groups in the presence of NIR compared to those groups treated in the absence of NIR, respectively (**p < 0.001, and ***p < 0.0005)