Fig. 9

a Schematic showing the hNVs consist of engineered SαV-C-NVs, M1-NVs, and P-NVs. b Schematic showing the hNVs efficiently interact with CTCs in the blood, accumulate in the post-surgical tumor bed, repolarize TAMs towards M1 phenotype, and block the CD47-SIRPα ‘don’t eat me’ pathway, thus promoting macrophage phagocytosis of cancer cells, as well as boosting antitumor T cell immunity. c Average tumor growth kinetics and d survival rate in different groups. All data are presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 6 for the hNVs-treated group, n = 5 for the other groups). Statistical significance was calculated via 2way ANOVA with a Tukey’s test d or log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test e. e Flow cytometric analysis of M2-like macrophages (CD206⁺) and M1-like macrophages (CD80⁺) in tumor gating on F4/80⁺CD11b⁺CD45⁺ cells. (f) Flow cytometric analysis of CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cells in tumor gating on CD45⁺ cells. g Cytokine levels in tumors from mice isolated 5 days after different treatments. All data are presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 4). Statistical significance was calculated via ordinary one-way ANOVA with a Tukey’s test. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.