Technique | Properties and features that can be resolved by each technique | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Size | Shape | Dispersity | Localization | Agglomeration | Surface morphology | Surface area | Pore size | Literature | |||
Morphological and topographical | TEM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
SEM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
STM | ✓ | ||||||||||
DLS | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
NTA | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
BET | ✓ | ||||||||||
BJH | ✓ |
Technique | Composition | Phase | Crystallinity | Functionalization | Oxidation | Surface charge | Polarity | Bonding | Electrochemical | Literature | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Structural and chemical | XRD | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
EDX | ✓ | ||||||||||
HAADF | ✓ | ||||||||||
XPS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
FTIR | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Zeta potential | ✓ | ||||||||||
CV | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
Raman spectroscopy | ✓ | ✓ |
Technique | Absorption | Reflectance | Fluorescence | Luminescence | Bandgap | Electronic state | Photoactivity | Electrical conductance | Literature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Optical, electronic, and electrical | Raman spectroscopy | ✓ | |||||||||
SERS | ✓ | [197] | |||||||||
UV–vis | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
PL | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
DRS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Ellipsometry | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |