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Table 1 Contrast agents for MRI and multimodal imaging modalities

From: Recent development of contrast agents for magnetic resonance and multimodal imaging of glioblastoma

Materials

Targeting moiety

Tumor model

Imaging method

References

Fe3O4 (MNP)

MT

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T2)

[62]

Lf-SPION

Lf

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T2)

[63]

HPF-NSCs

NSCs

Orthotopic U251T.eGFP.ffluc mice model

MRI(T2)

[64]

NPCP-BG-CTX

CTX and CED

Orthotopic GBM6-luc mice model

MRI(T2)

[65]

MGMSPID

Interleukin-13

Orthotopic U251 mice model

MRI(T2)

[66]

M-HFn

HFn

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T2)

[67]

SPION-EGF

EGF

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T2)

[68]

Rhodamine-Mfls

MT

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T2)

[69]

SPION-Hsp70

Hsp70

Orthotopic 9 L mice model

MRI(T2)

[70]

SD-MD

MT

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T2)

[71]

CARD-B6

B6

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T2)

[72]

RGD-magnetosomes

RGD

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T2)

[73]

CLIO-ICT

ICT2588

Orthotopic pcGBM39 mice model

MRI(T2)

[74]

ND-MMSNS

Neutrophils

Orthotopic U87-Luc/C6-Luc mice model

MRI(T2)

[75]

RGE-Exo-SPION/Cur

RGE

Orthotopic U251 mice model

MRI(T2)

[76]

NPCP-CTX

CTX and CED

Orthotopic GBM6 mice model

MRI(T2)

[77]

Ang-LiB(T + AN@siTGF-β)

Ang

Orthotopic GL261 mice model

MRI(T2)

[78]

IUdR/NGO/SPION/PLGA

MT

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T2)

[79]

I6P7-SPIO

I6P7

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T2)

[80]

USPIO-PEG-tLyP-1

tLyP-1

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T2)

[81]

PTPu-IO

PTPu

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T2)

[82]

GrB-SPION

GrB

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T2)

[83]

NP-MTX-CTX

CTX

Subcutaneous 9 L mice model

MRI(T2)

[84]

NP-PEG-CTX

CTX

Subcutaneous 9 L mice model

MRI(T2)

[85]

MPGNPs

–

Subcutaneous C6 mice model

MRI(T2)

[86]

Fe3O4@Au-C225

C225

Subcutaneous U251 mice model

MRI(T2)

[87]

Gd-DTPA-DGLs-PEG-CTX

CTX

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T1)

[88]

DPC-DTPA-Gd

CD

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T1)

[42]

Gd-NGO/Let-7 g/EPI

–

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T1)

[89]

Au@DTDTPA-Gd

–

Orthotopic 9LGS mice model

MRI(T1)

[90]

Gd3N@C80(OH)x(NH2)y((amino-1))

Interleukin-13

Orthotopic U251 mice model

MRI(T1)

[91]

iRPPA@TMZ/MnO

iRGD

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T1)

[92]

Den-RGD-Reg + Gd3+-DTPA

RGD and Regadenoson

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T1)

[93]

NaGdF4-TAT-labeled T cell

T cell

Orthotopic GL261 mice model

MRI(T1)

[94]

HA-MnO2

HA

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T1)

[95]

CPP-2

Ang

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T1)

[96]

MnO2@Tf-ppIX

Tf

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T1)

[37]

AGuIX@PS@KDKPPR

KDKPPR

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T1)

[97]

Fe3O4-ANG

ANG

Orthotopic U87L mice model

MRI(T1)

[98]

M-CSTD.NHAC/Cu(II)

RGD and DER

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T1)

[99]

Pt/MnO2@PVCL NGs

Macrophage membrane

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T1)

[56]

HB-POEGMA-cRGD-Gd

cRGD

Subcutaneous U87MG mice model

MRI(T1)

[100]

rUCNPs@HSA(Ce6-Mn)-RGD

RGD

Subcutaneous U87MG mice model

MRI(T1)

[101]

Mn-ZIF-8/5-Fu

–

Subcutaneous U87MG mice model

MRI(T1)

[102]

Cu2(OH)PO4@PAA

–

Subcutaneous U251 mice model

MRI(T1)

[103]

PFC-labeled CAR T

CAR T

Subcutaneous U87-EGFRvIII-Luc mice model

19F MRI

[104]

TAT-PFC- labeled CAR T

CAR T

Subcutaneous U87-EGFRvIII-Luc mice model

19F MRI

[105]

G5-SA-D-Ac

CED

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

CEST-MRI

[106]

YbHPDO3A

–

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

CEST-MRI

[107]

Fe0.6Mn0.4O

–

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T1/T2)

[108]

Fe-NCP

–

Orthotopic GL261 mice model

MRI(T1/T2)

[109]

Mn-NEB + BSA

–

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T1/T2)

[110]

NP-S-S-PEP

RGD

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T1/T2)

[111]

Fe3O4@SiO2@mSiO2/DOX-(Gd-DTPA)-PEG-RGE

RGE

Subcutaneous U87MG mice model

MRI(T1/T2)

[112]

D@HMON@FG@R2

RGD

Subcutaneous U87MG mice model

MRI(T1/T2)

[113]

POP/DCM@P-Mn-SPIO

–

Orthotopic 12FLR mice model

TMRET(T1/T2)

[114]

PFOB

RGD

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

19 F MRI/FI

[115]

Au-AZ/Au-AK

ANG

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T1)/Raman

[116]

Cy5.5-Lf-MPNA

Lf

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T2)/FI

[117]

FluoroMags

–

Orthotopic GBM-NSs mice model

MRI(T2)/FI

[118]

QSC-Lip

MT

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T2)/FI

[119]

SPIO@DSPE-PEG/DOX/ICG

–

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T2)/FI

[120]

BFNP

–

Subcutaneous C6 mice model

MRI(T2)/FI

[121]

ICG-SPIO

–

Subcutaneous U251 mice model

MRI(T2)/PAI

[122]

Tb-doped MnCO3

–

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T1)/photoluminescence

[123]

CTX-NaGdF4:Ho3+

CTX

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T1)/FI

[124]

P/Gd-DTPA/cetuximab/MsTfR-mAb/Alexa-680

cetuximab/MsTfR-mAb

Orthotopic EGFR+U87MG mice model

MRI(T1)/FI

[125]

MnO

–

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T1)/FI

[126]

NCDDG

–

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T1)/FI

[127]

Gd-Ag2S

–

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T1)/NIR-II FI

[128]

CH4T@MOF-PEG-AE

AE105

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T2)/NIR-II FI

[129]

Den RGD-Angio

RGD

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T1)/NIR FI

[130]

Gd/MnCO3-PEG-Cy5.5-FA

FA

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T1)/NIR FI

[131]

MnO-PEG-Cy55

–

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T1)/NIR FI

[132]

ICG-FA-PPC

FA

Subcutaneous U87MG mice model

MRI(T1)/NIR FI

[133]

Cy5.5-Lf-SPIO

Lf

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T2)/NIR FI

[134]

Cy5.5-Fe3O4-PEG-RGD-FA

RGD and FA

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T2)/NIR FI

[135]

DANG/Cy7-SPIONs

DANG

Orthotopic Luc-U87MG mice model

MRI(T2)/NIR FI

[38]

NPC-Cy5.5

CTX

9 L cell

MRI(T2)/NIR FI

[136]

64Cu-DOTA-IO-RGD

RGD

Subcutaneous U87MG mice model

MRI(T2)/PET

[137]

Gd@C82-Ala-PEG-cRGD-(NOTA-64Cu or 89Zr)

cRGD

Subcutaneous U87MG mice model

MRI(T1)/PET

[138]

64Cu-cRGD-SPIO

RGD

Subcutaneous U87MG mice model

MRI(T2)/PET

[139]

125I-RGD-PEG-MNPs

RGD

Subcutaneous U87MG mice model

MRI(T2)/SPECT

[140]

RGD-Au-Mn DENPs

RGD

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T1)/CT

[141]

MPR

–

Orthotopic eGFP+ U87MG mice model

MRI(T1)/PAI/Raman

[142]

MSC-HA-MSNs-Gd3+-64Cu-ZW800

MSC

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T1)/PET/NIR

[143]

HALF-cRGD

cRGD

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T2)/PAI/FI

[144]

cRGD-CM-CPIO

cRGD

Orthotopic C6 mice model

MRI(T2)/PAI/FI

[145]

Au@MIL-88(Fe)

–

Orthotopic U87MG mice model

MRI(T2)/CT/PAI

[146]

Fe3O4@Au

αvβ3 mAb

U87MG cell

MRI(T2)/CT/PAI

[147]

Gd-PEG-Bi

–

Subcutaneous U87MG mice model

MRI(T1)/CT/PAI

[148]

64Cu-Fe-RGD-PEG-MNP

RGD

Subcutaneous U87MG mice model

MRI(T1)/PET/PAI

[149]