Table 2 Advantages and disadvantages of three types of PNMs

Typical example

MSNs, mesoporous silicon NPs, mesoporous carbon

COFs

MOFs

[27]

Advantages

Good biocompatibility; ease of functionalization, high drug loading capacity, and some unique physicochemical properties such as optical, magnetic, electrical, ultrasonic, and catalytic properties

Good biocompatibility; biodegradability; controllable particle size; different functionalization

Advantages of both organic and inorganic material; improved biocompatibility; biosensing, high catalytic activity, optical properties and so on

[84, 111,112,113,114,115]

Disadvantages

Poor biodegradability and accumulation of metal ions may have potential toxicity

Limited pore size; few reports about the degradability

Possible toxicity needs further investigation; limited pore size; few reports about the degradability

(116, 117)