Fig. 7

Evaluation of apoptosis and ferroptosis. A, B Induction of apoptosis in HOS cells (stained with annexin V-FITC/PI) after various treatments by FC analysis. (The data are presented as the mean ± SD values; n = 3, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.) C–E Changes in Δψm in HOS cells stained with JC-1 after various managements, as observed via CLSM and FC. (The data are presented as the mean ± SD values; n = 3, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.) The scale bars represent 100 µm. F The expression levels of cell apoptosis-related proteins were measured by western blot analysis. G, H The excessive production of LPO and Lipid ROS in HOS cells after targeted PDT as measured by CLSM and FC. The scale bars represent 100 µm. I The morphology of mitochondria after various treatments as observed by TEM. The scale bars represent 1 µm