Fig. 9

Intra-articular injection of GG-CD@ARC attenuated subchondral bone sclerosis in a severe experimental OA model in seven-week-old C57BL/6J male mice. A, B 2D reconstructed coronal and sagittal models of the mice knee joints. C 3D reconstructed model and the formation of osteocytes on the medial tibial plateau. D–F The effect of arctiin treatment on the values of bone volume ratio (BV/TV, %), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th, mm), and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp., mm⁻¹) (n = 6). Values represent mean ± SD. Statistically, significant differences are indicated by * where p < 0.05, ** where p < 0.01, *** where p < 0.001 and **** where p < 0.0001 between the indicated groups