Fig. 4

Cd-induced differentially accumulated metabolites in the roots. The heat maps of Cd-induced DAMs content (Z-score value) in the roots among different treatments (a). Top 20 KEGG enrichment of DAMs (b). Sankey diagram of DAMs among various treatments compared with the control (c). The significant differentially accumulated alkaloids, flavonoids, amino acids and derivatives responses to Cd (d). Up upregulated metabolites; Down downregulated metabolites; and NS non-significant metabolites