Fig. 2

Stability and X-ray luminescence of CsI(Na)@MgO@DSPE-Folate nanoparticles (CIS@M-F). a DLS analysis of CsI(Na), CsI(Na)@MgO, and CIS@M-F nanoparticles. The hydrodynamic sizes are 58.7 ± 8.0 nm and 175.2 ± 37.5 nm, respectively, for CsI(Na) and CsI(Na)@MgO nanoparticles (in hexane). CIS@M-F can be stably dispersed in water, with a hydrodynamic size of 190.0 ± 30.0 nm. b Iodide release from CsI(Na) and CIS@M-F nanoparticles in PBS (pH 7.4). c ROS production under ionizing irradiation (IR, 5 Gy), measured with solutions containing CIS@M-F with or without PpIX, using methylene blue (MB) as an indicator. A decreased absorbance at 664 nm suggests an elevated ROS level. The experiments were repeated in quintuplicates. ***p < 0.001; ns, p > 0.05. d ¹O₂ generation under ionizing irradiation (IR, 5 Gy), measured with solutions containing CIS@M-F with or without PpIX, using SOSG (ex/em: 504/525 nm) as an indicator. Solutions were placed under 3-cm-thick pork. For comparison, LED light instead of X-rays was applied. The experiments were repeated in triplicates. ***p < 0.001; ns, p > 0.05