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Table 1 Self-adjuvanting nanovaccines for cancer therapy

From: Self-adjuvanting cancer nanovaccines

Self-adjuvanting nanovaccines for cancer therapy

Nanovaccine

Immune modulation

Mechanism

Refs.

SPIO-OVA

IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ↑

Cross-presentation↑

[42,43,44]

α-Al2O3-OVA

CD8+T↑

Autophagy-related cross-presentation↑

[45]

γ-PGA-OVA

IgG2a, IgG2c, T cells, CTL↑

TLR4 and MyD88-dependent signaling pathway

[52,53,54]

VSSP-E7(p)

IFN-γ, IL-10, CD8+T↑

TLR4

[56, 58]

(R)-DOTAP-E7

IFN-γ, DC, CD4+T, CD8+T↑

TLR7, TLR9

[61, 62]

C1-mRNA

IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, DC↑

TLR4

[63]

CPTEG: CPH/OVA

IgG1, IFN-γ, IL-12, DC, CD8+T↑

TLR2, TLR4, TLR5

[64,65,66,67,68]

3DSNA-OVA

IL-12, IL-6, CTL↑

Phosphorylation of IKK-αβ, IkB-α, and p65 in BMDC↑, NF-κB activation

[71]

LDH-OVA, pcDNA3-OVA/LDH(R1)

IgG1, IgG2a, INF-γ, CTL↑

NF-κB

[72,73,74]

Ag-PMIDA-CoO

IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, IgG1, IgG2, MΦ, CD4+T, CTL↑

TNF-α↑, NF-κB

[75, 76]

ECPs-OVA

DC, CTL↑

MyD88-dependent

NF-κB

[77]

HMS-OVA, DMOHS‐2S-OVA

MSR-PEI: OVA

IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, CD4+ and CD8+ effector memory T cells↑

NLRP3 inflammasome

[80,81,82,83,84,85,86]

AuNP-OVA

IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, IL-6, CD8 + T cells↑

NLRP3 inflammasome, NF-κB

[89,90,91]

PSM-OVA

IFN-I, TNF-α, IL-17a, DC↑, Th2↓

TRIF- and MAVS-dependent type I interferon secretion

[96]

PC7A-OVA

CTL, Th1, APCs↑

STING-dependent type I interferon secretion

[97, 99]

SeaMac

TNF-α, DC↑

STING

[100]

CNP-OVA

Man-CTS-TCL

IgG, IL-2, IL-10, IFN-γ, NK↑

cGAS- and STING-dependent type I interferon secretion

[105,106,107]

PEI-4Bimi-OVA

IFN-I, DC, CTL↑

STING

[48]

VLPs

Ab, Th1, CTL, B cells ↑

Similar structure to viruses

[113]

CPMV, PVX, TMV, PapMV

IFN-γ, TNFα, M1, NK, DC, CD8+T↑

ssRNA, can activate TLR7/TL8

[118,119,120,121,122]

Archaeosome-OVA

DC, MΦ, CTL↑

Mimic the structure of microorganisms

[126]

Q11-MUC1, Q11-HPV16 E7 44–62

IgG2a, IgM, Th1, CTL↑, Th2↓

Unclear

[128,129,130,131]

CD-OVA

TNF-α, IFN-γ, DC↑

Unclear

[132]