Table 3 Summary of the reported nano-based materials for diagnosis and treatment of ocular diseases

Ranibizumab-loaded NPs (S-PEG-ICG-RGD-RBZ)

Choroidal neovascularization

Antibody-NPs conjugates

Low cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, no apoptosis

[56]

MSIO nanofluid, PEGylated Fe2O4

Glaucoma Therapy

Magnetic core and polyethylene glycol (PEG) surface coating

High biocompatibility, high cellular uptake, low cytotoxicity

[86]

Avastin–Fe3O4 nanocomposites

AMD therapy

Antibody-NPs conjugates

Long-term release of Avastin

[87]

Ranibizumab conjugated iron oxide (Fe3O4)/PEGylated PLGA

AMD therapy

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles

More efficient drug delivery and better inhibition of tube formation

[88]

valproic acid and guanabenz -loaded MNPs

Barded-Biedl syndrome (BBS)

Magnetically assisted delivery system

Non-invasive and needle-free technology

[90]

Ranibizumab/PEG-conjugated AuNPs

Angiogenesis-associated disorders such as AMD

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles

Long half-life of Mab, protection of Mab from the high protease

[95]

Resveratrol-coated gold NPs

diabetic retinopathy

–

No toxicity

[97]

Ranibizumab -conjugated MNPs

Eye disorders

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles

No cytotoxicity

[99]

Nanodiscs and gold nanorods

Early detection of diabetic retinopathy

Urine based colorimetric test paper linked with a smartphone

High specificity and sensitivity

[99]

ST/FA-b-PEG-AuNPs@G

Diabetic retinopathy therapy

Site specific drug delivery

Effective drug delivery and controlled drug release

[100]

HA-gold NPs

Ocular neovascularization-related diseases

Particular receptor interaction

Increased distribution and stability

[101]

Pilocarpine-encapsulated MSNs gelatin-covered

Reduction of IOP

Gelatin-covered

Progressive and continuous drug leakage

[108]

Silica-coated Au nanorods

Prevention of posterior capsule opacification (PCO)

Spatial controllability of photothermal effect

Prevention of disordered LECs fibrosis formation, elimination of residual lens epithelial cells around Nano-IOLs

[110]

CeCl3@mSiO2 NPs

Treatment of diabetic cataract

–

Antioxidant effect

[111]

Reverse thermoresponsive polymer (RTP)

AMD therapy

Thermoresponsivity

Nontoxic, Sustained-release intraocular drug delivery vehicle,

slowly releases anti-VEGF agents, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility

[124]

Axitinib-loaded MPEG-PCL micelles

Treatment of ophthalmic neovascular disorders

–

Great cell biocompatibility, low toxicity

[132]

Timolol maleate (TML)-loaded polymeric NPs

Glaucoma therapy

–

Significant bioadhesive ability, sustained drug release, good biocompatibility

[147]

Glycyrrhizin-based self-assembled nanomicelles

Treatment of inflammation-, oxidative stress- and bacteria-related ocular diseases

–

Improved in vitro release and antioxidant activity

[134]

Atorvastatin (ATS)—SLNs

AMD therapy

–

Great bioavailability,

good ocular safety and stability, extended retention time

[133]

Bimatoprost (BIM) NPs-loaded pH-sensitive in-situ gel

Glaucoma therapy

pH-sensitivity

Improved drug release, well-tolerated, nonirritant

[130]

Amphotericin B (AmB)-loaded PEGylated-NLC

Treatment of ocular disease

PEGylation

No toxicity, improved drug loading

[131]

Hyaluronan-cholesterol nanogels (NHs)

Treatment of anterior/posterior eye segment disorders

–

Enhanced the ocular bioavailability,

increased permeation of loaded drugs

[160]

Pullulan–dexamethasone

Retinal disease treatment

–

Good safety, extended residence time and controlled-release

[162]