Fig. 11From: Stimuli-responsive nanoformulations for CRISPR-Cas9 genome editingReprinted (adapted) with permission from [199]. Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society. BÂ Preparation of UCNPs-Cas9@PEI and NIR-triggered delivery of Cas9-sgRNA to the nucleus of the cell for gene editing: attachment to the cell membrane, endocytosis, endosome escape, releasing from particles and stepping into the nucleus, and searching for the target DNA locus and initiate the DNA double-strand break for genome editing. Reproduced with permission [210]Light-responsive CRISPR-Cas9 delivery nanoformulations. AÂ Delivery and intracellular activation of a CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing nanomachine: sgRNA hybridization to a protector DNA, heat-activating sgRNA releasing, formation of hairpin structure of the protector and sgRNA releasing in the cells.Back to article page