Table 2 Representative external-stimuli responsive nanoformulations for CRISPR-Cas9 delivery

Light

(808 nm)

Gold nanorods with protector DNA

sgRNA

EGFP;

EMX1;

PLK-1

In vitro (GFP and Cas9-expressing A549 epithelial carcinoma cells, HEK293T human embryonic kidney cells)

-

[199]

Light

(980 nm)

UCNP anchored with 4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-nitrobenzoic acid and coated with PEI

RNP

EGFP;

PLK-1

In vivo (A549 epithelial carcinoma in BALB/c nude mice)

Intratumoral injection

[210]

Ultrasound

Porphyrin-integrated nMOFs coated with PEI

RNP

EGFP;

MTH1

In vivo (A549 epithelial carcinoma in BALB/c nude mice)

Intravenous injection

[218]

Ultrasound

Lipid nanobubble containing SF₆ and conjugated with nanoliposome

RNP

SRD5A2

In vivo (C57/B6 mice)

Being applied to the depilated area

[226]

Magnetic

Baculoviral vectors bound with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

CRISPR-Cas9 plasmid

EGFP;

VEGFR2

In vivo (Hepa 1–6 hepatoma in athymic nude mice and C3 knockout mice)

Intratumoral and intravenous injection

[231]