Table 2 Selected nanomaterial-based vaccines against bacterial infections

Antigenic protein

PLGA nanospheres

Anthrax

[210] (2018)

DNA encoding T cell epitopes of Esat-6 and FL

Chitosan nanoparticle

Tuberculosis

[210] (2018)

Mycobacterium lipids

Chitosan nanoparticle

Tuberculosis

[210] (2018)

Polysaccharides

Liposomes

Pneumonia

[210] (2018)

Bacterial toxic and parasitic protein

Liposomes

Cholera and malaria

[210] (2018)

Fusion protein

Liposomes

H. pylori

[210] (2018)

Antigenic protein

Nano-emulsion

Cystic fibrosis, Anthrax

[210] (2018)

Mycobacterium fusion protein

Liposome

Tuberculosis

[210] (2018)

Flagellin protein

AuNPs

Yersinia pestis, S. pneumoniae

[211] (2012)

Antigenic protein

Cationic liposome-based, stabilized with synthetic glycolipid (CAF01)

Tuberculosis

[212] (2014)

Plasmid DNA encoding BoNT heavy chain (Hc)

PLGA

Clostridium botulinum

[213] (2016)

Capsular polysaccharide serotype 14 and T-helper peptide, ovalbumin 323–339 peptide

AuNPs with branched tetra-saccharide unit b-d-Galp-(1–4)-b-d-Glcp-(1–6)-[b-d-Galp-(1–4)-]b-d-GlcpNAc-(1–)

S. pneumonia

[214] (2012)

LomW and EscC

AuNPs

E. coli (EHEC)

[210] (2018)

Listeriolysin O (91–99) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (1–22) peptide

AuNPs

Listeria monocytogenes

[210] (2018)

Hemagglutinin and FIgL

AuNP coated with antigenic capsular LPS

Burkholderia pseudomallei

[215] (2017)

N-terminal domains flagellin (1–161)

AuNPs

P. aeruginosa

[216] (2016)

Monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1), host receptor for cholera toxin

PLGA

Vibrio cholerae

[217] (2018)

Serogroup B

OMV-based vaccine

N. meningitidis

[218] (2004)

Membrane proteins

Double-layered membrane vesicles

P. aeruginosa

[218] (2004)

Immunodominant antigens (Ag85A & ESAT-6) and IL-21

Fe₂O₃ coated plasmid DNA TB vaccine

M. tuberculosis

[219] (2012)

Recombinant fusion protein (M72)

Liposomes

M. tuberculosis

[220] (2018)

Heat-induced OMV from enterotoxigenic E. coli

Poly(anhydride) NPs

E. coli

[221] (2022)