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Table 2 Summary of the therapeutically relevant properties of BP nanosheets

From: Black phosphorous nanomaterials as a new paradigm for postoperative tumor treatment regimens

Chemical composition

 Element

Bond type

Bond length

  P atoms

Covalent binding between sp3 hybridized P atoms

0.2224 nm (between nearest P atoms in the same plane);

0.2244 nm (between top and bottom P atoms in the same layer)

Atomic topography

 Atomic configuration

Single layer thickness

Interlayer distance

  Puckered honeycomb pattern

Around 0.85 nm

Around 0.53 nm

Drug delivery capability

  Drug loading mode

Drug loading potential

Drug release sensitivity

  Covalent binding, electrostatic interaction, π-π interactions, hydrophobic interactions

High drug loading potential due to abundant binding sites and large surface-area-to-volume ratio

Drug release could be triggered by heating, light, acidity, ultrasound, etc.

Therapeutic capability

  PTT

PDT

Inherent bioactivity

  Good photothermal potential under NIR illumination

Good quantum yield at around 0.91 under irritation at 660 nm for efficient ROS generation

Inducing tumor specific toxicity through ROS generation and cell cycle arrest

Degradation behavior

 Degradation mechanism

Degradability

Degradation product

 Formation of P-O-P bonds, followed by the attack of water molecules and removal of P atoms

Completely degradable in vivo, degradation can be accelerated in the presence of light, heating, basic pH and oxygen

Non-toxic phosphate and phosphonate ions